Five Kingdom System

Criteria	Monera	Protista	Fungi	Plantae	Animalia
Type of cell	Prokaryotic	Eukaryotic	Eukaryotic	Eukaryotic	Eukaryotic
Complexity	Unicellular	Unicellular	Multicellular	Multicellular	Multicellular
Type of nutrition	Autotrotophic: Photoautotrophic Chemoautotrophic Heterotrotophic	Photosynthetic or Heterotrophic	Heterotrophic	Photosynthetic	Heterotrophic by ingestion
Motility	Sometimes by flagella	Sometimes by flagella or cilia	Non motile	Non motile	Motile by contractile fiber (muscle)
Life cycle	Asexual usual	Various: –          asexual –          sexual	haplontic	Alternation of generation (Metagenesis)	Diplontic
Internal protection of zygote	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Nervous system	None	Conduction of stimuli in some form	None	None	Present
Example	Bacteria (heterotrophic) Cyanobacteria / Blue-green Algae (photoautotrophic)	Protista like to plant (Algae) Protista like to animal Protista like to fungi Oomycota (water molds) Myzomycota (Slime molds)	Mushroom Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota	Algae Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Chrysophyta Bryophyta Mosses Liverwort Spermopsida Gymnospermae Angiospermae	Invertebrate (have no back bones) Vertebrate (have back bones)

Note:

Autotrophic : make nutrition by it self

Get nutrition/food by converting inorganic molecule to organic molecules.

–          Photoautotrophic : make nutrition by supporting sunlight as energy sources

–          Chemoautotrophic : make nutrition by supporting enzyme as energy sources

Heterotrophic : can not make nutrition by it self

Get nutrition / food from another organism.

– Saprotrophic        : get organic molecules by absorbing from detritus (another organism that has died)

– Holozoic              : get organic molecules by taking in of food, specific for unicellular organism

– Ingestion              : get organic molecules by taking in of food, specific for multicellular organism.

Bacteria :

The shape of Bacteria:

1. Bacilli : have the rod-shaped ( Bacillus, singular)

2. Cocci : have the round-shaped ( Coccus, singular)

3. Spirilla : have the spiral-shaped ( Spirillum, singular)

Example:

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (have the rod-shape), causes tuberculosis disease.
2. Diplococcus pneumonia (have the round-shaped), causes pneumonia disease.
3. Treponema pallidum (have the spiral-shaped), causes syphilis disease.
4. Clostridium botulinum , indusces food poisoning because produce botulinin-poisoning.
5. Clostridium tetani, causes tetanus disesase.

Cyanobacteria

Has the blue-green pigment “phycocyanin” besides chlorophyll.

The important of Cyanobacteria:

1. produce oxygen for their environment
2. produce food for invertebrate or vertebrate on the surfaces of oceans and lakes, as “phytoplankton”
3. if the number of its much mure in the water can causes water pollution ( blooming algae)

Example :

1. Oscillatoria
2. Nostoc
3. Rivularia
4. Gloeocapsa magma

Protista

1.      Protozoa, the animal-like protista

Can be placed in four groups according to their type of locomotor organelle:

Name	Locomotion	Example
Sarcodina	Pseudopods	Amoeba proteus Foraminifera, have built the limestone and chalk deposits that date back the Cambrian period Radiolaria, have built the siliccous rock dating back to the Precambrian period
Ciliata / Ciliophora	cilia	Paramaecium caudatum Vorticella Stentor
Zooflagellata (Zoomastigophora)	flagella	Trypanosoma gambiense causes African sleeping sickness, infected by the bite of tsetse fly
Sporozoa	No locomotion	Plamodium vivax, causes malaria disease

2.      Algae, the plant –like protista

Euglenophyta, has chloroplast and flagella as locomotion organelle.

Example : Euglena viridis.

Chysophyta, has the carotenoid fucoxantin, which gives the golden color.

Example: Diatoms, has the shell which contains silica and pegtin. When the diatoms die, the shell form diatomaceous earth, a

substance used as an abrasive in silver polish and detergent, as packing in the air and water filters, and in paint removers,

deodorizind oils and fertilizer.

Pyrrophyta, Dinoflagellata.

Example: Noctiluca, is bioluminescent, giving of light like a firefly.

3. The Fungus-like Protista
Oomycota (water molds), have a filamentous body and are saprotrophic. Usually live in the water, where they parasitized fishes,

forming furry growths on their gills.

Slime molds, which produce nonmotil spores, are unlike fungi in that they have an amoeboid stage and are heterotrophic by

ingestion.

The Fungi

Ascomycota, have characteristic:

–          the body consist of hypha, or mycelium.

–          The cell wall contains chitin

–          Reproduce by sexual or asexual, sexual spores is called Ascospores and asexual spore is called conidiospores

–          Example: 1. Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae), used make bread or tape

2. Penicillium  notatum, produces penicillin, antibiotic.

3.   Penicillium cammemberti, used to ferment cheese, give the flavor of cheese.

Zygomycota, have characteristic:

–          hypha are cellulose and rarely divided by septa

–          reproduce by sexual or asexual, sexual spores is called zygospores and asexual spore is called conidiospores.

–          Example : 1. Rhizopus oryzae, used to make “tempe”

2. Rhizopus nigrican, saprophytically on decaying organic matter or bread.

3. Candida albicans, pathogenic fungi, causes candidiasis in skin, mucosa and fingernails of humans.

Basidiomycota, have characteristic:

–          known as mushroom

–          hypha have septa, the dup-shaped, aboveground part of the mushroom is called basidiocarp.

–          Reproduce by sexual or asexual, sexual spore is called basidiospore and asexual spore is calle conidiospore.

–          Example: 1. Volvariella volvacea,  is used to make soup.

2. Aurelia polytrica, is used to make soup.

Deuteromycota, have characteristic:

–          Reproduce by asexual, while the sexual reproduction isn’t observed.

–          Example: 1. Trichophyton purpureum, causes ‘athletes’s foot’ (rangen).

2. Monilia sitophila, used to make “oncom”

LICHENES

Symbiotic relationships between fungi and their photosynthetic partner (algae) are called lichens.

Fungi in lichens are Ascomycota or Basidiomycota while the algae are blue-green or green algae.

In relationship, the fungus provides H₂O and CO₂ to the Algae and receives nutrients and O₂ in return, This is mutualism.

Lichens can be found in rocks and trees as ink spots.

Example:

1.      Parmelia, leaf-like lichens, thallus is formed by lobes of different sizes and is loosely attached to the substrate.

2.      Leconora, shell-like lichens, thallus is flattened like a shell. Lichen is firmly attached to the substrate.

3. Usnea dasipoga,branch-like lichens, thallus maybe either vertical or hanging down from the trees, filamentous or sheet-like in shape. They are mostly branched and only a small part is attached to the substrate.

Plant Kingdom

Plants are adapted to living on land. In general, they tend to have features that allow them to live and reproduce on land.

Multi celllular, primilly terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues; autotrophic by photosynthesis; alternation of generations life cycle. Like green algae, plants contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store starch in chloroplast; cell wall contains cellulose.

 

NONVASCULAR PLANTS

Division Hepatophyta: liverwort, example: Marchantia polymorpa

Division Bryophyta: mosses, example: Spaghnum sp

Division Anthocerophyta: hornwort, example: Antherocephala sp.

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

Division Psilotophyta:whisk ferns, example: Psilotum nudum

Division Lycopodophyta: club mosses, Lycopodium clavatum, L. ceernum

Division Equisetophyta: horsetails, example: Equisetum debile

Division Pteridophyta: ferns, example: Marsilea crenata, Azola pinnata

SEED VASCULAR PLANTS

Gymnosperms

Division Pinophyta: conifers, example: Pinus merkusii

Division Cycadophyta: cycads, example: Cycas rumphii

Division Gynkgophyta: maidenhair tree, example: Gynkgo biloba

Division Gnetophyta: gnetophytes, example: Gnetum gnemon

Angiosperms

Division Magnoliophyta: Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida: dicots, example: Mangifera indica

Class Liliopsida: monocots, example: Oryza sativa

1. NON VASCULAR PLANTS ARE DIVERSE

The nonvascular plants, which include the liverworts and mosses, are non vascular plants and therefore lack true roots, stems and leaves. In the moss life cycle, the gametophyte is dominant. Antheridia produce swimming sperm that need external water to reach the eggs in the archegonia. Following fertilization, the dependent sporophyte consists of a foot, a stalk., and a capsule within which wind blown spores are produced by meiosis. Each spore germinates to produce a gamethophyte.

 

2. VASCULAR PLANTS INCLUDE SEEDLEES AND SEED PLANTS

Vascular plants arose during the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era. The extinct rhyniophytes may be ancestral vascular plants. These plants had photosynthetic stems (no leaves or roots) with sporangioa at their tips. Most likely, the life cycle was similar to today’s ferns. The sporophyte, which is diploid and has vascular tissue, is the dominant generation in ferns. This separates gametophyte produces heterospores which develop into heterogametes. Every aspect of the life cycle is adapted to a dry environment.

 

3. FERNS AND ALLIES ARE SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

The seedlees vascular plants include whisk fern, club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. Lycopods, horsetails and ferns were also trees during the Carboniferous period, although lycopods and horsetails are limited in diversity and rather small today. Seedless vascular plants  have a life cycle like that of the ferns.

In ferns, the separate and water-dependent gametophyte (the heart-shaped prothallus) produces flagellated sperm in antheridia and egg in archegonia. Following fertilization, the zygote develops into the sporophyte, which has large fronds. On the underside of the fronds are sori(singular: sorus), each containing several sporangia. Here meiosis produces windblown spores, each of which develop into a prothallus.

The Mesozoic era saw many geological changes as Pangaea formed and then broke apart. A mass extinction occured that paved the way for the diversification of the seed plants. Thoose seed plants that are trees have especially weel-developed roots and steems due to secondary growth of vascular tissue. Seed plants produce heterospores, microgametophytes, ang megagametophytes. The poolen grain replaces external flagellateds sperm, and the megagametophyte is retained within the ovule that develops into the seed.

 

4. GYMNOSPERMS HAVE NAKED SEEDS

There are four divisions of gymnosperms (seed plants that bear naked seeda); the familiar conifers and the little-known cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. In conifers, pollen (male) and seed (female) cones are produced by the sporophyte plant. On the under side of a pollen cone scale, there are two microsporangia that produce microspores; each becomes a micrgametopyte, or pollen grain.On the upper surface of a seed cone scale, there are two ovules, where meiosis produces one megasopre that develops into the megagametophyte. After windblown pollination, the pollen grain develops a tube through which sperm reach   the egg. After fertilization, the ovule matures to be a seed.

 

5. ANGIOSPERMS HAVE COVERED SEEDS

Angiosperms (seed plants that bear seeds protected by a fruits) are more diverse than the other types of plants. Their success may be assosiated with climatic changes in the Cenozoic era.

In a flower, the microsporangia develop within the anther portion of a stamen, and the megasporangia develop within ovules located in the ovary of the pistil. Pollination brings the mature microgamaetophyte (pollen grain) to the pistil, and the pollen tube brings the sperm to the ovule within the ovary. Angiosperms exhibit double fertilization; one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other unites with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which is food for the embryo. The ovule develops into the seed, and the ovary becomes the fruit.

Angiosperms have complex vascular tissue and are found in various habitats. Their reproductive organs are found in flowers. Animal pollination increases the chance of appropriate fertilization, and fruit production often assists the dispersal of seeds.

Animal Kingdom

Classification of animals is based on type of symmetry, number of tissue layers, type of coelom, and presence of segmentation.

Generally characteristics of Kingdom Animalia:

Multicelluar organisms with well-developed tissues; ussually motile; heterotrophic by ingestion, generally in digestive cavity; diplontic life cycle. Protostomes include phyla Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda. Deuterostomes include phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.

 

INVERTEBRATES

Phylum Porifera : sponges

Phylum Cnidaria: jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

Phylum Ctenophora: comb jellyes, sea walnuts

Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworma, e.g., planaria, flukes, tapeworms

Phylum Nemertea: ribbon worms

Phylum Nematoda: roundworms

Phylum Rotifera: rotifers

Phylum Mollusca: chitons, snails, slugs, clams, mussels, squids, octopuses

Phylum Annelida: segmented worm,e.g., clam worms, eartworms, leeches.

Phylum Onychopora: walking worm

Phylum Arthropoda: spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, lobsters, crayfish,

shrimps, crabs, millipedes, centipedes, insects

Phylum Echinodermata: sea lilies,sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand

dollars, sea cucumbers, se daisies

Phylum Hemichordata: acorn worm

Phylum Chordata:

Sub phylum Urochordata

Sub phylum Chephalochordata

VERTEBRATES

Sub phylum Vertebrata

Superclass Agnatha: jawless fishes, e.g. lampreys, hagsfishes

Superclass Gnathostomata: jawed fishes, all tetrapods

Class Chondroicthyes: cartilaginous fishes e.g., shark,

skates, rays

Class Osteichtyes: bony fishes,e.g., herring, salmon, cod,

eel,flounder

Class Amphibia: frogs, toads, salamanders

Class Reptilia: snakes, lizards, turtles

Class Aves: birds, e.g., sparrows, penguins, ostriches

Class Mammalia: e.g., cats, dogs, horses, rats, humans

Ecosystem

Ecosystem is interaction between community and their abiotic component in an environment.

Components of ecosystem are biotic component and biotic component

Biotic component of ecosystem is consisting of living thing, such as plant, animal, human and decomposer.

Abiotic component of ecosystem is consisting of non living thing such as water, air, soil, temperature, humidity, etc.

Kind of biotic component based on the way to get energy are:

1. Autotrophic organism is the organism which can make food by itself with do photosynthesis process.
2. Heterotrophic organism is the organism which can not make food by itself, so it is get energy by eating another organism.

Kinds of biotic component based on their niche:

1. Producer is the organism which can produce food by itself, by convert inorganic substances into organic substances.
2. Consumer is the organism which can not produce food by itself, so this organism gets organic substance by consume another organism.
3. Decomposer is the organism which can convert organic substances into inorganic substances as energy sources.

Kinds of biotic component (animal) based on kinds of their food:

1. Herbivore is the organism which eat plant as energy sources
2. Carnivore is the organism which eat animal as energy sources.
3. Omnivore is the organism which eats plant and animal as energy sources.

Units of ecosystem:

1.  Individual is one organism.

2. Population is a group organisms included one species.

3. Community is a group of organisms that consist of several populations.

4. Ecosystem is interaction between community and their environment.

5. Biome is an ecosystem which influenced by climate and geographical location.

6. Biosphere is all of ecosystem in the earth or the earth and its content.

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Blog ini berisi tentang materi dan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan biologi.

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